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Samuel Allyne Otis Letter to George Thatcher, April 19, 1788

Samuel Allyne Otis to George Thatcher, New York: April 19, 1788.  American Science and Medicine Collection.

          N York 19th April 1788
   My Dear Friend
      As you may probably have heard of the disturbance in this City on Sunday & Monday last, and the particulars are not announced in the papers; & lest at a time when peoples minds are peculiarly susceptible of unfavorable impressions, representations should be made, injurious to the public tranquility; I shall detail to you the rise, progress, & tragical termination of this unhappy business. The public mind has been much disturbed you are sensible during the winter, at suggestions that the sacred repositories of the dead, were broken up by the Doctor for subjects of dissection; And the wounds of survivors was made to bleed afresh, by rumours that the remains of departed friends could not rest in quiet, in those silent mansions, where the general Supposition is, that the weary are at rest. There are in death so many humiliating circumstances to the aspiring mind of man, naturally fond of existence, & abhorring dissolution, that any additional disgrace strikes the living with horror. Hence all mankind agrees to reverence the dead; hold sacred funeral rites; & resent every violation of the deceased, accordingly. A charge, well founded, against the Doctors of this City, of violating these rites, was so far from being palliated, that several expostulations in a stile of candor, were animadverted with petulance, & personal severity, & the measure publicly justified. A conduct so irritating to the feelings of society, had however no other effect for some time, than to excite murmurs & complaints to authority, or

or to induce the establishment of watches over the graves of friends recently interred – At length the public indignation on Sunday broke all bounds.  The people of NYork, to do them justice are very zealous attenders upon public worship; I mean the adults; The Chilldren indeed are zealous, but it is in another way, for on Sunday they seem more noisy, active & intent upon their amusements, than on any other day of the week.  The Hospital altho in a somewhat secluded situation is in the vicinity of a Spott, which the boys had unfortunately pitched upon, for their Sundays amusements.  The curiosity of boys is ardent & irresistible, and for the gratification of it, they will forego toss, [ ], marbles, & enterprise anything, And this soon brot them to the windows of the Hospital; where, the glance of a human shambles, inflamed at once their curiosity & their resentment.  In return for some of their strictures, one of the junior Doctors retorted to one of these young Myrmadons, “that they were cutting up his father”.  This excited universal abhorrence in the party, as might naturally be expected from a declaration, true or false, so brutal in itself & so peculiarly wounding to a lad, who had lately buried his father.  They spread the alarm, with circumstances high coloured, upon their inflamed imaginations.  Attention was fixed.  The people collected; – And increasing their numbers, increased their irritation.  Women in piteous accents lamented their mangled husbands, The tender parents renewed their tears over dissected children, and the exasperated husband “poured forth rival bursts of grief & indignation”, at supposed indecencies, to the wife of his bosom.  They fell in fury upon the Hospital.  Such of the Doctors as did not escape, were beaten, & would

would have probably been torn in pieces, but for the interposition of the magistrates; Who were by this time exerting, and snatched them from the incensed people; And partly for the safe custody of their persons, to answer the requirements of Law, but principally to save them from asassination, they were committed to the Stone Gaol; a place of safety on all accounts.  The people destroyed every thing of value in the hospital, and their rage would have made it the funeral pile of their supposed friends, for the dissections had so mutilated them, that no one was certain who were the subjects; But that they were with much difficulty dissuaded by the magistrates who calmed the people for that night, and induced them to consent to a second, but promiscuous interment.  The storm lulled only to rage with more violence, & the populace collected in greater force the next morning; When they broke into the Physicians houses, in pursuit of Skeletons, & wherever they found any, broke the windows, tore down the fences, nameboards & insulted their persons.  The Mayor, who by the way is almost too far advanced in years for first magistrate of a great City, was soon born down by the torrent – The Governor tried by his personal excertions to stem it – but in vain.  The still, small voice of wisdom, was drowned in the noise of the angry multitude; heated by their own reflection, as well as friction; for in these situations, fire begets fire, & every sore place, of every man in the community, gets chafed.  So that what was only at first a laudable vindication of the rights of sepulture, became an outrageous mob; threatening to lay prostrate the laws, & involve the City in confusion.  The Governor, the Mayor, & other magistrates were insulted & abused; & all was upward consternation.

Their object now became the imprisoned Doctors, & which had they effected, they would either have done it themselves, or soon left them Subjects of dissection.  The pretence was to tar & feather them; & to accomplish this, they seemed determined to demolish the Gaol.  The drum beat to arms.  A few of the inhabitants paraded, & got possession of the Gaol yard; But under a severe discharge of brick bats & other missile weapons, used upon these occasions.  The picket fence & outer doors were demolished; The windows beat in; & but for the unusual strength of the inner [ ] & gratings of the windows, with the exception of the Do[ ] a general Gaol delivery might soon have taken place.  The Governour in the confusion, got himself confused.  The magistrate perhaps irritated, & smarting under  [ ] & insult, either permitted, or commanded the Militia, to push the populace back; And the peace officer ordered them to disperse at their peril, which had as much effect as whistling to a hurricane; Those who acted under authority, rashly, discharged their pieces upon the indiscreet, but unarmed assembly.  By this promiscuous severity three or four persons were killed outright, some of whom it is said were inactive spectators, and as many more, dangerously wounded.  The wonder is that so little blood was spilled by this ill judged military execution – Thus a tumult excited, by the indecent, & irritable conduct of the Doctors, in mangling the dead, has ended in the carnage of the living.  And I see not but the blood of their fellow Citizens, must be upon their heads; for altho some of them have endeavored to exculpate themselves by oath, their conduct has been generally reprehensible, in some execrable.  The Honble. Mr Jay whilst endeavoring to restore peace was knocked down by a brick batt.  He is confined but not dangerous.

             Free
                  Sam. A. Otis

The Honble. George Thacher Esqr
         Biddeford Massachusetts